Résumé
The great challenge to prevent transmission makes widespread of respiratory infectious diseases easily occur. Intranasal immunization is considered to be a promising route of vaccination to prevent it. Different from parenteral vaccines, intranasal vaccines can induce mucosal immune in respiratory tracts in addition to systemic immune, which provide the first line of defense against respiratory pathogen infection and further prevent transmission. Safe and effective intranasal spray flu vaccines have been licensed. Since the outbreak of COVID-19, intranasal administration has been applied in different vaccine platforms. This article has reviewed the progress of intranasal vaccines for respiratory infectious diseases that have been licensed or are under evaluation in the clinical trials, meanwhile discusses its unique advantages and challenges faced. © 2023, Publication Centre of Anhui Medical University. All rights reserved.
Résumé
The great challenge to prevent transmission makes widespread of respiratory infectious diseases easily occur. Intranasal immunization is considered to be a promising route of vaccination to prevent it. Different from parenteral vaccines, intranasal vaccines can induce mucosal immune in respiratory tracts in addition to systemic immune, which provide the first line of defense against respiratory pathogen infection and further prevent transmission. Safe and effective intranasal spray flu vaccines have been licensed. Since the outbreak of COVID-19, intranasal administration has been applied in different vaccine platforms. This article has reviewed the progress of intranasal vaccines for respiratory infectious diseases that have been licensed or are under evaluation in the clinical trials, meanwhile discusses its unique advantages and challenges faced.Copyright © 2023, Publication Centre of Anhui Medical University. All rights reserved.
Résumé
To overcome the problems of unreasonable allocation of emergency medical supplies and low transfer efficiency of distribution centers in the prevention and control of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), in this study, the dispatching and distribution system of urban emergency medical supplies under major public health events was redesigned and a classification method for emergency medical supplies was developed. The urgency index of the demand point was constructed from the two dimensions of medical material use demand and inventory estimated usable time. Considering the characteristics of public health emergencies, a dynamic distribution model of emergency medical supplies was constructed with the maximization of weighted demand satisfaction rate as the main objective and minimum vehicle driving distance as the secondary objective. The effectiveness and feasibility of the model were verified by an actual example. The model can contribute to both fairness and efficiency of the distribution of medical supplies and is in accordance with the dynamic change characteristics of the supply and demand of emergency medical supplies in public health events to ensure that each demand point can reasonably obtain a certain proportion of materials in the case of a short supply of materials. Moreover, the model only requires each demand point to report the number of users and inventories of all types of medical supplies. The model also provides an automatic calculation method when data are missing, which is more operable. The maximum demand satisfaction rate is corrected using the emergency index, which addresses the impact of different demand points on the fair distribution and makes the distribution of emergency medical supplies more reasonable. The research result combines with the specific process of emergency medical supply dispatching in the prevention and control of COVID-19 so that the allocation model is in a better agreement with the actual needs, which can provide a decision-making basis for optimization of the allocation of urban emergency medical supplies. © 2020, Editorial Department of China Journal of Highway and Transport. All right reserved.